Druids Essay -- essays research papers fc

DRUIDS Who were the Druids? The stereotypical image of a Druid is one of a thoughtful philosopher and magician, schooled in the lore of the traditions, and in charge of the education of the chieftains as well as those who sought to obtain knowledge considered obscure by the rest of society. They were knowers of truth, able to manipulate that truth as well as inform others of it. Druids not only influenced society religiously, they also influenced it socially i.e. they took on the parts of teachers, judges, magicians, craftsmen, advisors, priests, and masters of ceremonies, and in doing so, were greatly respected in society. The Role of Druids Teachers Caesar remarked that Druidism originated in Britain and that students would travel there for instruction, information and advice on astronomy, the ‘essential nature of things’, and the power and authority of the Gods- both local and pan-Celtic deities. Their religion forbade them to write down what was being taught, as stated by Athelia Nihtscada: Druids of the past sought to preserve knowledge through passing their traditions to their students. Unfortunately, they did not feel it prudent to write any of this knowledge down lest the knowledge fall into the wrong hands or lose power, leaving us having to piece together what little we do know from other writers through the ages. Because Nihtscada is a woman born with Celtic roots, and was initiated into the Druidic tradition herself, this modern source is quite reliable. She is also a public speaker with a deep interest in her Celtic heritage. Her aim therefore, was to provide readers with accurate information about the Celts, much of which corresponds with information provided by the Romans. Instead of writing, information was communicated and learnt through verse. In fact, there were so many verses that the druids spent about 20 years studying them, learning about oral literature of sacred songs, prayers, incantations, divination and magic. Despite this however, not one verse has survived, nor are there any pure Druidic legends as all of them have been subjected to Christian or Roman interpretation. Master of Ceremonies Druids, as masters of ceremonies, are renowned for administering animal, and sometimes even human sacrifices, as told by the Romans. Pliny the Elder describes one Druidic ceremony in his Naturalis Historia (XVI, 95): "Anything growing... ...ltic lifestyle. Bibliography - The Early History of Rome (Books I-V), Titus Livy, Penguin Library of History (Books XVI.66-XVII), Diodorus Siculus, Loeb Classical Library - The Gallic War, Julius Caesar, Loeb Classical Library - Natural History, Pliny the Elder, Oxford University Press - The Tain Translated from the Irish Epic Tain Bo Cuailnge, Oxford Paperbacks à ³ Tuathail, Seà ¡n. The Excellence of the Ancient Word. Available via internet at: ftp://bronze.coil.com/pub/nemeton/lore/eaw.cnl Geography, Strabo, Loeb Classical Library - http://www.themystica.com/mystica/articles/d/druidism.html - http://www.religioustolerance.org/druid.htm - http://witcombe.sbc.edu/earthmysteries/EMDruids.html - http://celt.net/Celtic/History/d_overview.html - http://www.britannia.com/wonder/michell2.html - "Story of Druids†, Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 2001.  © 1993-2000 Microsoft Corporation.

Athens of the north

â€Å" Auld Reekie † and â€Å" Athens of the North † : depict how the designers of Edinburgh from the mid 18th century to the mid 19th attempted to associate ( physically and visually ) the Old Town and the New Town. The monikers â€Å" Auld Reekie † and â€Å" Athens of the North † are symbols of two really different times during Edinburgh ‘s Past and of two every bit contrasting countries in its cityscape. Before the eighteenth century, Edinburgh consisted of the country now known as the old town. This comprised a dumbly populated colony straddling the tail of the antediluvian volcanic stopper that is castle stone. Conditionss in this country were crowded and frequently disgusting. This was the consequence of 100s of old ages of irrational determinations and complete deficiency of town planning and sanitation. â€Å" Auld † translates straight as â€Å" Old † and â€Å" Reekie † refers to the smoky environment caused by the high concentration of chimneys, but besides intimations at the malodor. In this manner, I feel that the moniker â€Å" Auld Reekie † connotes everything that the old town represented during this clip. In the same manner I feel that â€Å" Athens of the North † represents the hope and aspirations of the Scots enlightenment manifested in the New Town. In my essay I shall exemplify how and why Edinburgh developed from â€Å" Auld Reekie † to the â€Å" Athens of the North † and discourse how the designers during this period attempted to link both visually and physically the Old and New Town. The â€Å" Scots Enlightenment † refers to a extremely influential period of Scots History during the eighteenth century. It was a clip when Scotland excelled as a state specifically in the field of academe and scientific discipline. This included doctrine, economic sciences, technology, architecture, medical specialty, geology, archeology, jurisprudence, agribusiness, chemical science, and sociology. Possibly the greatest indicant of the enormousness of the success at the clip was the literacy degrees. By 1750, Scots were among the most literate citizens of Europe, with an estimated 75 % degree of literacy. Although the exact ground for this monolithic rational patterned advance is non wholly clear, it is really much linked with a closely knit group of Scots faculty members and union members. This included Francis Hutcheson, Alexander Campbell, David Hume, Adam Smith, Thomas Reid, Robert Burns, Adam Ferguson, Robert Adam, John Playfair, Joseph Black and James Hutton. Many of them were based in Edinburgh at the University and met and discussed their thoughts on a regular basis in a societal context. It is this coaction, unlike their European coevalss that is said to be the cardinal their success. As a symbol of this accomplishment Edinburgh was ab initio referred to as the â€Å" Athens of the North † in mention to the academic success instead than architectural features of Athens. During the first half of the eighteenth century, it is clear that Edinburgh had become no lucifer to its equivalents South of the boundary line. To many of its citizens, peculiarly to its blue bloods and concern people it had become an embarrassment to Scotland, particularly in position of the enlightenment. As Robert Chambers describes it, it had become: â€Å" a narrow, foul, provincial town † or in John Taylor ‘s words â€Å" makes this state so much despis ‘d by the English † There were many jobs with the town but possibly the most urgent issue was that of sewerage disposal. Due a deficiency sanitation, the dwellers of the old town had became accustomed to the mediaeval solution of flinging there waste out of the Windowss and into the troughs and side streets. Up until this point, it had been a comparatively satisfactory solution as tenement blocks were restricted in tallness and the wet clime of Scotland merely washed away the sewerage down the steep gradients. As the edifices became higher due to a higher population denseness, the issue became apartment as waste began hitting the walls of next edifices and most infamously worse, set downing on walkers. This was non a job in illustrations of English metropoliss at the clip so it is non hard to see why some Scots would hold been ashamed of their state ‘s capital. Despite this, harmonizing to Charles McKean, it is a common misconception that the dwellers of Edinburgh during this clip were despairing for the development of a new town. In his transition Twining metropoliss: modernization versus betterment in the town of Edinburgh he argues that the determination to construct the new town came from a more complex political docket instead than a common feeling of dissatisfaction towards the old town. It seems that there were two distinguishable sentiments, one was to better the old town, and the other was to construct a new one. McKean stresses that our cognition of the status of the old town comes from text written by those who were for the building of the new town and there for could be inaccurate. Despite this, the cardinal point is that Edinburgh was in demand for alteration. Part of Edinburgh ‘s death can be attributed to pretermit by the authorities in England dating back to the formation of the brotherhood in 1603. It seems that as the power shifted from Edinburgh to London, so did much of the wealth and as a consequence the economic system of Edinburgh suffered greatly during this clip. By the early eighteenth century the state of affairs was so bad that the council appealed to the King George to salvage Edinburgh from its diminution. After having no response the council attempted to take action towards the dissolution of the Union, nevertheless they were unsuccessful as they lacked fiscal support. Despite this, Edinburgh finally gained from the Union. During Georgian times many programs went in front to better the old town. These included the cleaning up of the old town and the redevelopment of many of its edifices. Due to Edinburgh ‘s alone topography, development of the old town was really restricted, particularly to the North. As a con sequence, new developments ab initio went in front in the countries South of the old town. This consisted chiefly of the neo-classical development of Bearfords Park consisting what is now George square and the Design of the New College by Robert Adam. The concluding motive for the development of the new town to the North came when Edinburgh was pressured into forestalling its elite from flying to London. As Charles McKean puts it â€Å" Since Edinburgh needed to retain ‘people of rank and of a certain luck ‘ , it required an blue suburb entirely for them † The First and most obvious physical nexus between the Old Town and New Town came with the building of the north span between 1769 and 1772. This was constructed after the determination had been made to construct the new town to the North. Constructing a span over the Nor Loch vale had been on the cards for over a century but it was non until the council received authorities support for the development of the new town that plans went in front. The span spanned the vale of the Nor Loch and for the first clip, allowed entree to the old town from the North. Equally good as easing the building of the new town by supplying a critical nexus, it besides created a more direct path to the port of Leith which improved trading in the old town. The original span was constructed from rock and included three primary arches. Merely after its completion the span collapsed due to structural lacks killing 5 people. The job was caused by old ages of dirt build up from old town diggings which created big hills of â€Å" traveled Earth † along the embankment of the old town crag. The applied scientists had underestimated the deepness of this loose dirt which finally led to the catastrophe. By 1772 it was reconstructed with more significant foundations. In alliance with the north span is the south span. This was completed subsequently in 1788 and spanned the every bit debatable depression of the Cowgate to the South. Built from rock and consisting of 22 arches, the span was constructed chiefly in order to associate the high street with the university but besides to let for entree to the spread outing developments to the South. Coupled with the north span, this extremely undervalued viaduct linked the new town suitably to the educational bosom of the old town. Although there were many others involved, the design for the new town is credited to the immature designer James Craig. Like many of the people involved in the construct for a new town and in true spirit of the enlightenment, Craig was a strong truster in the brotherhood. This unionist docket was reflected really literally in his initial proposal which in program formed a brotherhood doodly-squat. This vision was subsequently dropped due to a combination of it non being possible to build ( because of the angles which it created ) and a general feeling of public disfavor towards its symbolism. Subsequent alterations were made to the program and in 1767 the program that we know today was finalised. From above, Craig made assorted ocular links with the old town. The first and most noteworthy of these is the alliance of the new town. The program comprises three chief streets ; Queens St, George St and Princess St. These were aligned parallel to the royal stat mi and in making so created an obvious apposition between the old and new town. The streets are besides about a stat mi long and integrate a square at either at either terminal ( Charlotte Sq and St Andrew Sq ) . This rather literally reflects the composing of the old town where the Castle and Holyrood Palace take their topographic point at either terminal of the east-west aligned high street that is about a stat mi long. Further ocular connexions to the old town were made by Craig in the agreement of the streets which run perpendicular to these primary streets. These consist of Charlotte St, Castle St, Frederick St, Hanover St and St David ‘s St. These streets were intended to aline with the cardinal characteristics in the old town in order to do a ocular connexion. The best illustration of this is Castle st, which as its name suggests, is in line with the palace. What we now know as Princess Street was besides ab initio to be named St Giles St in mention to the cathedral in the old town. Additional physical connexions between the towns were made in 1759 with the draining of the Nor Loch and subsequent creative activity of the hill. The completion of this draining allowed for subsequently prosaic entree between the towns over what is now the Princess St gardens ( an country that had been antecedently unaccessible ) . The hill, coupled with the north span, formed a secondary vehicular entree path to the old town. The steep embankment was formed utilizing dirt exctevated when run outing the Loch together with landfill from the old town. The individual responsible for the subsequent architectural success of the hill and besides credited as the primary designer to which Edinburgh owes its rubric ; the â€Å" Athens of the North † is William Henry Playfair. Playfair was a Scots designer and is considered to be one of the cardinal figures of the Grecian resurgence in Scotland. His influence on the architecture of new town was monolithic, peculiarly in illustrations o f some of the more iconic edifices. A cardinal illustration of this was his engagement with the Calton hill development get downing in 1818-1820 and his committee for the Royal Institution and Observatory edifices. Subsequently, Playfair besides took over the undertaking that was to be the greatest attempted testimonial to Athens in northern Europe. This was the proposal in 1924 to construct an exact reproduction of the Parthenon. Despite the fact that the undertaking was ne'er completed as a consequence of a deficiency of finance, I feel that it creates one of the most dramatic ocular statements in Edinburgh. In my sentiment the national memorial on Calton hill reflects the Castle on Castle stone and in making creates a cardinal ocular nexus between â€Å" Auld Reekie † and the â€Å" Athens of the North † . Both are situated in an elevated place on top of volcanic stones are both symbolic of the old and new town. In 1822 Playfair received the committee to plan the Ro yal Institution Building on the hill. As the primary edifice site which sits straight between the old and new town the hill posed a challenge. Playfair ‘s solution to this exposed location was to plan it in the signifier of a Doric temple. On the site straight behind the establishment, Playfair was subsequently commissioned to plan the national gallery in 1853. This likewise took the signifier of a Grecian Temple merely this clip in an Ionic manner and included far more improvisation. Together, the edifices form an obvious ocular nexus to the old town. In decision I feel that many connexions were made between the old and new town. These facilitated the integrating of the New and old town at a physical and experiential degree. However, despite these ocular and physical links, in my sentiment there is no existent connexion between the nucleus kernel of the old and new town. To me this is illustrated most clearly in position of the brotherhood. As a defensive colony built to fend off the English, the old town is symbolic of a reluctant ( still existent ) Scots mentality where alteration and development are non on the skyline. Contrastingly, the new town is a symbol of the brotherhood and of the forward thought attack which prevailed during the Scots Enlightenment.In this manner, together with its neoclassical architecture I think the New Town is meriting of its comparing to ancient Greece in its name â€Å" Athens of the North † . The disjuncture between the political orientations of the two towns is reflected in their architec tural features where there are virtually no similarities. Although there are many illustrations of neo-classical architecture in the old town, to me these are merely portion of the new town political orientation and do n't stand for an architectural connexion. The ground there is no architectural mention to the old town is because at the clip, the manner to show these new ideals was by utilizing the Grecian Classical linguistic communication. This is the instance in all illustrations of the Grecian resurgence in Europe, but was possibly most apparent in Edinburgh. Today, the architectural linguistic communication for optimism and alteration tends to stem from the international manner and accordingly allows for mentions to the history and civilization of its context. Some of the best illustrations of this can now be found on the royal stat mi where the mediaeval linguistic communication of the old town has been used. In a modern context, given the chance to heighten the architectural connexion between the old and new town, I would follow this attack.BibliographyCampbell, I, /Stewart, M, /McKean, C, ( 2005 ) Edinburgh: The Making of a Capital City, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University PressGlendinning, M, /MacKechnie, A, ( 2004 ) Scots Architecture, London, Thames and HudsonCoghill, H, ( 2005 ) Lost Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Antony Rowe LtdCruft, K, ( 1995 ) James Craig: The Ingenious Architect of the New Town of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Mercat PressLindsay, M, ( 1981 ) The Buildings of Edinburgh, London, Batsford LtdNimmo, I, ( 1991 ) Edinburgh: The New Town, Edinburgh, John Donald PublishersCrossland, J, ( 1966 ) Victorian Edinburgh, London, Wayfair PublishersGow, I, ( 1984 ) Scots Pioneers of the Greek Revival, Edinburgh, Nic AllenRock, J, ( 1984 ) Thomas Hamilton Architect, Edinburgh, Featherhall PressFraser, A, ( 1989 ) The Building of the Old College, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University PressClarke, M, ( 2004 ) The Playfair Project, Edinburgh, TNGSInternet Beginningshyper text transfer protocol: //www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/enlightenmenthypertext transfer protocol: //www.edinburghacademy.org.uk/curriculum/history/enlightenmenthypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Town, _Edinburghhypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor_Lochhypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bridge, _Edinburghhypertext transfer protocol: //whc.unesco.org/en/list/728hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town, _Edinburghhypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gileshypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mound

The War Of World War II - 1586 Words

Most people have had a problem with someone, some might refer to it like a war. War by definition is generally characterized by extreme aggression, destruction, and mortality. However, for forty-four years a war that would scare millions around the world occurred. This war was not all brutality, it was arguments that would change the world forever. This war was known as the Cold War. The end of World War II was just the beginning of this unique war . The former allied forces of the United States and the USSR, led by Truman and the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, had many different views about how the world should be run. The Soviet Union was controlled under Communism. However, America was governed under a democratic republic. America’s†¦show more content†¦The American government agreed to help people trapped inside Berlin. In April 1949, The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO, was established. The United States, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and Britain were all members. August 29th, 1949 would only mean bad news for the new allies. The Soviet Union had successfully tested their first atomic bomb. The western allies were shocked and surprised by USSR’s speedy development of a nuclear bomb. Now both the U.S. and the Soviet Union had atomic bombs. Nerves were unsettled. On June 25th, 1950 the Korean War had begun. North Korea was the Soviet Union’s ally. The Soviet Union helped support North Korea in the fight against South Korea. South Korea was the United States s ally. The War would later end in a truce on June 27th, 1953. After America had tested the hydrogen bomb, the Arms Race was official. The Soviet Union and United States felt as though they must out do one another. In May 1955 the Warsaw Pact was formed. This pact put the Soviet Union in charge of the militaries of the seven European countries the USSR influenced. Tensions continued to run high. In 1957 the Sputnik was sent to space starting the Space Race. Sputnik was a Soviet Union satellite. Both sides would race to have the upper hand in space because if you can send a rocket into space, you can also send a nuclear rocket. The USSR would send a dog in sputnik 2Show MoreRelatedThe War Of The World War II1387 Words   |  6 Pagesevents that could bring so many people together while simultaneously tearing them apart-- World War II is one of those events. While the beginning is not set in stone, many will argue that the war all started with the unwarranted German attack on Poland in September of 1939. As tensions rose between countries, conflict began to swell. Over 20 countries were involved, and alliances were established. The war was fought between two major alliances; the Allied powers and the Axis powers. The Allied powersRead MoreThe War Of The World War II1408 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent levels of the educational system most everyone has talked about the Second World War in great detail. The European and Pacific Theaters were the main focus of many historians and their writing, because war pertained to the audience of the time. WWII revolved around the idea of freedom and liberating the fascist governments of Europe, the homefront back in the states was the war machine that kept the war churning. Millions of pages have been written about the experiences and battles duringRead MoreThe War Of World War II1638 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War II was the most widespread war in history and it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. This war lasted from 1939 to 1945. The war pinned the Axis nations which were Germany, Italy, Japan versus the Allied nations which were led by Britain and its Commonwealth nation, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States. The Allies were victorious in the War. It was one of the most significant periods of time in the 20th century. The war resultedRead MoreThe War Of World War II1348 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War II was fought between two powers; the axis and the allied powers. The axis powers consisted of Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria while the allied powers consisted of U.S., Britain, France, USSR, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, and Yugoslavia. 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During the war, the United States started to put up posters to get people to join the army and there were other countries that convinced the people to invest money into the war. Without the propaganda and the use of artwork on posters and flyers that they used to influence people in the U.S. they may have never won the war. One of theRead MoreThe War Of The World War II864 Words   |  4 Pagesgreat global conflict, the Second World War was the most extensive and lethal war in history, which involved more than 30 countries. It marked more than 50 million military and civilian deaths. Though dumbfounded by the events of December 7, Americans were also determined. President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war against Japan On December 8. The declaration passed with just one rebel vote. After three days, Germany and Italy, connected with Japan, declared war on the United States. America wasRead MoreThe War Of World War II Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesSince its end, World War II has been talked about extensively by historians. The lead up to the war, the war itself, and the events after the war have contributed to why the war has been so popular among historians. The unique way the war was fought and the way the war altered the course of history has intrigued historians. Up until World War II, civil ians had generally been off limits in war. While you could cause as much carnage as you wished on the battlefield against soldiers, killing civiliansRead MoreThe War Of The World War II1463 Words   |  6 PagesIn the early parts of the twentieth century the world was turned upside down in the wakes of the deadliest war it had ever seen in 1914. For the first time, science was playing a large part in the makings of the war, with the invention poison gasses being thrown into the war field. And then, to make matters worse, in 1939, Germany invaded Poland to spark the second of the World Wars. Germany was on a seemingly unstoppable track to take over Europe, and countries such as France and England were alwaysRead MoreThe War Of World War II1640 Words   |  7 Pages After becoming Reich Chancellor in 1933, Hitler swiftly consolidated power, anointing himself Fà ¼hrer (supreme leader) in 1934. Obsessed with the idea of the superiority of the â€Å"pure† German race, which he called â€Å"Aryan,† Hitler believed that war was the only way to gain the necessary â€Å"Lebensraum,† or living space, for that race to expand. In the mid-1930s, he began the rearmament of Germany, secretly and in violation of the Versailles Treaty. After signing alliances with Italy and Japan against

An Overview of Pontiacs Rebellion

Beginning in 1754, the French Indian War saw British and French forces clash as both sides worked to expand their empires in North America. While the French initially won several early encounters such as the Battles of the Monongahela (1755) and Carillon (1758), the British ultimately gained the upper hand after triumphs at Louisbourg (1758), Quebec (1759), and Montreal (1760). Though fighting in Europe continued until 1763, forces under General Jeffery Amherst immediately began working to consolidate British control over New France (Canada) and the lands to the west known as the pays den haut. Comprising parts of present-day Michigan, Ontario, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, the tribes of this region had largely been allied with the French during the war. Though the British made peace with the tribes of around the Great Lakes as well as those in the Ohio and Illinois Countries, the relationship remained strained. These tensions were worsened by policies implemented by Amherst which worked to treat the Native Americans as a conquered people rather than equals and neighbors. Not believing that the Native Americans could mount meaningful resistance against British forces, Amherst reduced the frontier garrisons as well as began to eliminate ritual gifts which he viewed as blackmail. He also began to restrict and block the sale of gunpowder and weapons. This latter act caused particular hardship as it limited the Native Americans ability to hunt for food and furs. Though the head of the Indian Department, Sir William Johnson, repeatedly advised against these policies, Amherst persisted in their implementation. While these directives impacted all of the Native Americans in the region, those in the Ohio Country were further angered by colonial encroachment into their lands. Moving Towards Conflict As Amhersts policies began to take effect, Native Americans living in the pays den haut began to suffer from disease and starvation. This led to the beginning of a religious revival led by Neolin (The Delaware Prophet). Preaching that the Master of Life (Great Spirit) was angered at the Native Americans for embracing European ways, he urged the tribes to cast out the British. In 1761, British forces learned that the Mingos in the Ohio Country were contemplating war. Racing to Fort Detroit, Johnson convened a large council which was able to maintain an uneasy peace. Though this lasted into 1763, the situation on the frontier continued to deteriorate. Pontiac Acts On April 27, 1763, the Ottawa leader Pontiac called members of several tribes together near Detroit. Addressing them, he was able to convince many of them to join in an attempt to capture Fort Detroit from the British. Scouting the fort on May 1, he returned a week later with 300 men carrying concealed weapons. Though Pontiac had hoped to take the fort by surprise, the British had been alerted to a possible attack and were on alert. Forced to withdraw, he elected to lay siege to the fort on May 9. Killing settlers and soldiers in the area, Pontiacs men defeated a British supply column at Point Pelee on May 28. Maintaining the siege into the summer, the Native Americans were unable to prevent Detroit from being reinforced in July. Attacking Pontiacs camp, the British were turned back at Bloody Run on July 31. As a stalemate ensured, Pontiac elected to abandon the siege in October after concluding that French aid would not be forthcoming (Map). The Frontier Erupts Learning of Pontiacs actions at Fort Detroit, tribes throughout the region began moving against the frontier forts. While the Wyandots captured and burned Fort Sandusky on May 16, Fort St. Joseph fell to the Potawatomis nine days later. On May 27, Fort Miami was taken after its commander was killed. In the Illinois Country, the garrison of Fort Ouiatenon was compelled to surrender to a combined force of Weas, Kickapoos, and Mascoutens. In early June, the Sauks and Ojibwas used a stickball game to distract British forces while they moved against Fort Michilimackinac. By the end of June 1763, Forts Venango, Le Boeuf, and Presque Isle were also lost. In the wake of these victories, Native American forces began moving against Captain Simeon Ecuyers garrison at Fort Pitt. Siege of Fort Pitt As fighting escalated, many settlers fled to Fort Pitt for safety as Delaware and Shawnee warriors raided deep into Pennsylvania and unsuccessfully struck Forts Bedford and Ligonier. Coming under siege, Fort Pitt was soon cut off. Increasingly concerned about the situation, Amherst directed that Native American prisoners be killed and inquired about the potential of spreading smallpox among the enemy population. This latter idea had already been implemented by Ecuyer who had given the besieging forces infected blankets on June 24. Though smallpox did break out among the Ohio Native Americans, the disease was already present prior Ecuyers actions. In early August, many of the Native Americans near Fort Pitt departed in an effort to destroy a relief column which was approaching. In the resulting Battle of Bushy Run, Colonel Henry Bouquets men turned back the attackers. This done, he relieved the fort on August 20. Troubles Continue The success at Fort Pitt was soon offset by a bloody defeat near Fort Niagara. On September 14, two British companies had over 100 killed at the Battle of Devils Hole when they attempted to escort a supply train to the fort. As settlers along the frontier became increasingly worried about raids, vigilante groups, such as the Paxton Boys, began to emerge. Based in Paxton, PA, this group began attacking local, friendly Native Americans and went so far as to kill fourteen that were in protective custody. Though Governor John Penn issued bounties for the culprits, they were never identified. Support for the group continued to grow in and 1764 they marched on Philadelphia. Arriving, they were prevented from doing additional damage by British troops and militia. The situation was later diffused through negotiations overseen by Benjamin Franklin. Ending the Uprising Angered by Amhersts actions, London recalled him in August 1763 and replaced him with Major General Thomas Gage. Assessing the situation, Gage moved forward with plans that had been developed by Amherst and his staff. These called for two expeditions to push into the frontier led by Bouquet and Colonel John Bradstreet. Unlike his predecessor, Gage first asked Johnson to conduct a peace council at Fort Niagara in an effort to remove some of the tribes from the conflict. Meeting in the summer of 1764, the council saw Johnson return the Senecas to the British fold. As restitution for their part in the Devils Hole engagement, they ceded the Niagara portage to the British and agreed to send a war party west. With the conclusion of the council, Bradstreet and his command began moving west across Lake Erie. Stopping at Presque Isle, he exceeded his orders by concluding a peace treaty with several of the Ohio tribes which stated that Bouquets expedition would not go forward. As Bradstreet continued west, an incensed Gage promptly repudiated the treaty. Reaching Fort Detroit, Bradstreet agreed to a treaty with local Native American leaders through which he believed them to accept British sovereignty. Departing Fort Pitt in October, Bouquet advanced to the Muskingum River. Here he entered into negotiations with several of the Ohio tribes. Isolated due to Bradstreets earlier efforts, they made peace in mid-October. Aftermath The campaigns of 1764 effectively ended the conflict,  though some calls for resistance still came from the Illinois Country and Native American leader Charlot Kaskà ©. These issues were dealt with in 1765 when Johnsons deputy, George Croghan, was able to meet with Pontiac. After extensive discussions, Pontiac agreed to come east and he concluded a formal peace treaty with Johnson at Fort Niagara in July 1766. An intense and bitter conflict, Pontiacs Rebellion ended with the British abandoning Amhersts policies and returning to those used earlier. Having recognized the inevitable conflict that would emerge between colonial expansion and the Native Americans, London issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 which prohibited settlers from moving over the Appalachian Mountains and created a large Indian Reserve. This action was poorly received by those in the colonies and was the first of many laws issued by Parliament that would lead to the American Revolution.

Unique Perspective to Teaching Dead Poets Society Essay

In Dead Poets Society, John Keating becomes the new English teacher at Welton Academy, an esteemed school rooted in tradition, after attending as a student years ago. He teaches using an unconventional style which is different from the traditional English curriculum, and in the process, he exposes the students to a new perspective on the subject and principles for living life. Keating encourages free-thinking and condemns the textbook which prevents the students from thinking for themselves. Other individuals, including the principal, Mr. Nolan, disagree with his unconventional method of teaching and prefer that he follow a traditional method of teaching through an English textbook. The lessons that Mr. Keating presents the students†¦show more content†¦English was taught using the textbooks for many years at Welton Academy and ripping the pages from the book represents a rejection of conformity. Keating teaches without the textbook which was a central part of the original curriculum and instead attempts to teach the students to become free thinkers. An important part of becoming a free thinker is to not be influenced by another individual which in this case is Dr. Pritchard. Regarding poetry, the student must have a chance to think for themselves and not have the thoughts of others shoved down their throats by a professor. Keating’s insistence on the students ripping out the pages is reflective of Emerson’s principle that â€Å"Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind†. When Keating has Todd Anderson compose a poem in front of the class, he reveals, to the students, Emerson’s principle that people have limitless potential. After assigning the class to write a poem, Todd comes in the following day without a completed poem. When Mr. Keating calls Todd to let out a barbaric â€Å"YAWP†, he attempts to have Todd channel his inner emotions and feelings before having his compose a poem. The words that begin to spew out of his mouth when Keating tells him to speak about the picture of Walt Whitman on the wall form a poem. Emerson, in â€Å"Self-reliance†, says that â€Å"The power which resides in him is new in nature, and none but he knows what that is which he can do,Show MoreRelated Critique of Keatings Teaching Methods in Dead Poets Society521 Words   |  3 Pages In the movie, Dead Poets Society, the basic idea of expression is being taught by Keating. Keating is a very unique instructor who uses many different methods of teaching to get the students involved, but he shows them ways to have fun also. That in itself is very unique. Keating is trying to release the emotions these students have within themselves. He is teaching them to make their lives extraordinary, think for themselves, and be an individualRead More Relationships Essay1416 Words   |  6 Pagesstudied enhanced your understanding of relationships? Refer to Maestro and two other texts of your choosing? Relationships are a complex part of today’s society and affect all areas. All relationships are different, and they influence the decisions made by people and others around them. The three texts ‘Maestro’ by Peter Goldsworthy, ‘Dead Poets Society’ directed by Peter Weir and ‘Goodnight Mr Tom’ by Michelle Magorian all enhance the understanding of relationships. These three texts, all show variousRead MoreLessons On Nonconformity In Peter Weirs Dead Poets Society907 Words   |  4 PagesMr. Keating in faces as he begins his first year teaching at an all-boys prep school. In Dead Poets Society directed by Peter Weir, Mr. Keating helps many of his students, including Todd Anderson and Neil Perry, break free from their conventional morals and begin to take their lives into their own hands. This philosophy, called Transcendentalism, establishes the individual as the most intellectual. By requiring students to look for new perspectives and stand up for their own beliefs, he is able toRead MoreThe communication aspects of the Dead Poets Society2410 Words   |  10 PagesThe Dead Poets Society is an awe inspiring film set in the 1950s about a teacher who went against the grain and taught his high school students to think for themselves and not allow their attitudes and behavior to be constrained by conformity by older generations. In our class le ctures/discussions, we have touched on many aspects of human culture and communication and this movie illustrates many of these concepts. Perspectives, gender, communication theories, persuasion, language, verbal and nonverbalRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Life843 Words   |  4 Pagesin the class room because it can’t teach socialization, interact with students individually and it is not reliable. First of all, Reducing Teachers to a role of knowledge transmitter is far away from the job teachers are actually doing. They are teaching socialization as George Washington Carver says â€Å"all learning is understanding relationships†. Teachers teach morals, wisdom and social skills with their experiences and emotions. Students can relate to their teacher’s experiences and can learn fromRead MoreRenaissance Art Analysis1097 Words   |  5 Pagesof both their beliefs, and social trends. Using this means of portraying information, art became a subjective tool to educate the population. In using art to represent the artist’s beliefs, opinions, and social trends; artists also transformed into poets, philosophers, and historians. During the Renaissance, artists used a wide-range of techniques to conceal their individual beliefs. However, the techniques used by artists, tended to vary. Through this variation, art served as a means of self-expressionRead MoreAnalyzin g Mr. Keating’s Teaching Concept in Dead Poets Society from Progressivism4764 Words   |  20 Pages1 Brief Introduction of Dead Poets Society In 1959, Welton Academy is respected by the people for its dignified style at that time. The education mode there is fixed, not only monotonous but ideology shackled. However it all changed in the hands of a new teacher. John Keating’s educational method against tradition brought vitality to this school: in his classroom, he encouraged the students to stand upon the desk, to observe the world around with a different perspective; he introduced thoughtfulRead MoreAnalysis Of Stonewall Jackson Way1421 Words   |  6 PagesDesign 215 Inc., poestories.com/read/murders. Accessed 4 Sept. 2017. Edgar Allen Poe was an American poet, short story author, and editor. He grew up with financial and family issues after his mother died at a young age, and his father neglected him. Despite the adversary, he published works that defined him as the original author of horror and detective fiction. During his time period, Poe was unique because he chose to focus on the stylistic elements of writing instead of the plot. In the short storyRead More A Comparison of One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest and Dead Poets Society2182 Words   |  9 PagesCuckoos Nest Vs. 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In today’s society, artists are not starving, they are thriving and we need them to keep

The Ronald Reagan Administration Free Essays

In the year 1980, an unstable economy at home, a hostage crisis overseas, and the end of prior administrations that were not trusted at all troubled The Untied States. Ronald Reagan was elected as the oldest president at sixty-nine years old on November 4th, 1980. Reagan was born in Tampico, Illinois and before he was elected he served two terms as California governor first year starting in 1966. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ronald Reagan Administration or any similar topic only for you Order Now He served to presidential terms from 1981-1989. Reagan’s track record proved to be very strong and included welfare cuts, decreasing the number of state employees, and halting radical student protesters. Like other GOP members, Reagan came into office promising to limit the power of government and to strengthen American military power overseas. â€Å"In this present crisis,† Reagan said in his inaugural address in 1981, â€Å"government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem. † He was saying that government was holding the economy back of its full potential. Ronald Reagan wasted no time in institutionalizing the new conservative creed. In 1981, after surviving an assassination attempt, Reagan pushed his plan of lower taxes which was that proved most beneficial to the rich and steep budget cuts through a tentative Congress. Additionally to that year he cut spending on social security, debilitated and weakened organized labor groups, and lived up to his campaign promises and commitments by reducing government regulations and laws that had prevented mergers while managing the banking industry. Also, in 1981 he appointed conservatives who would carry out his vision of smaller government to agencies like the EPA, his cabinet, and the courts. A big keystone was Anti-Communism of Ronald Reagan administration’s foreign policy. The Reagan Doctrine had a unstable relationship with the Soviet Union and Central America, more so than with other nations. President Reagan drove for a space-based missile system to help keep America on the offensive and, to protect ourselves from other countries trying to attack the Untied States. He also pushed for a â€Å"Caribbean Basin Initiative† in expectations of stimulation of economic growth in the United States. Many critics saw Reagan’s military tactics as illegitimate and dishonest. They disagreed with the quantity of funding relegated to military efforts in Central America. . These funds were used to intervene in Grenada and El Salvador, and aided pay an undercover war against the revolutionary government of Nicaragua. As expected from a timid Liberal Congress, funding for the Nicaraguan war was blocked. Nonetheless, the National Security Council raised the money to finance the intervention. Reagan saw the Soviets at the heart of every international dispute, from revolution in Central America to international terrorism in the Middle East. To frustrate the Soviets, Reagan called for the largest and most expensive peacetime military buildup in American history. Ronald Reagan made the Untied States of America military powers way stronger than ever, he was always trying to improve the military’s technology and weapons. He made America one of the strongest military powers when in office. With his telegenic features and extensive experience in front of a camera from his career in Hollywood, Reagan was ideally suited for politics in a growing media age. Though intellectually unaspiring and often disengaged in his leadership style, he brilliantly articulated themes of patriotism, individualism, and limited government that resonated with millions of Americans. The President worked tirelessly in effort to propel his campaign for a second term. Ronald Reagan’s victory in the 1984 presidential election underscored his political popularity which he carried 49 states and 525 electoral votes. Through his speeches he repeated his anti-Communist bombast that Soviets and Communism, as a whole, would fail. He despised the Soviets and told the country they would fail in anything against America. Ronald Reagan’s second term witnessed a radical change in U. S. and Soviet relations. He was concerned about a possible backfire against his policies; Reagan called for a â€Å"constructive working relationship† with the Kremlin. At the same time, a new leader was emerged in Mikhail Gorbachev, came into power determined to change Soviet society by introducing a series of political and economic reforms. In determination to avoid an expensive arms  race and allow economic growth to take place, Gorbachev declared a suspension, or delay, on deployment of medium range missiles in Europe and asked the United States to do the same. The result of these growths was a series of four Reagan-Gorbachev summits, which concluded in the first U. S. and Soviet treaty to reduce the number of nuclear weapons. Treaties were then worked out and caused demolition of some missiles and allowed onsite checkups and inspections to occur. This was big for both country’s’ as the missiles were demolished from attacking each other. This was one of the many huge accomplishments while Reagan was in office. The Soviet Union no longer standing the type of threat it once did, Reagan and his anti-communist attitude and mentality still did not let up. Reagan with a goal of greater participation in the third world, the military’s attention and care was soon afterward shared with the Middle East and its terrorism. Previous administrations had not been completely honest with the public as to what exactly their foreign policies involved. For this reason, great attention was turned toward President Ronald Reagan’s handling of foreign policy in 1986. That year, there was assumption of the United States trading weapons with Iran in exchange for the return of American hostages being held in Tehran. In 1986, despite a Congressional ban, Reagan approved and authorized the sale of arms to Iran. This complex arrangement’s aim was to furtively fund Nicaraguan rebels’ efforts to defeat the cruel Sandinista government, successfully stopping the spread of Communism. All this was done in an effort to send a strong message to the Soviets that further Marxist activity would not be tolerated. Reagan was not a fan of communism he was an anti-communist. He did not accept it, and always had his eyes on communist. Despite these wins over communism, Reagan’s authority was diminished and weakened in his second term by this scandal. Congressional hearings and investigation by special prosecutors led to the indictment of some of the President’s top advisers. By the conclusion of his presidency, conservatives spoke greatly of the â€Å"Reagan Revolution,† which reduced the size of the government, reduced and lowered taxes, and technically â€Å"won† the Cold War. However, some claimed that Reagan’s domestic policies forced excessive adversity on the poor and created a piercing increase and surge in homelessness around the whole country, while his extreme military spending produced an extraordinary budget deficit. People say he increased military power over economic attentions. Possibly the critical irony of Reagan’s presidency was that he improved public faith, confidence, and trust in the office of the presidency at the same time that his enormous scarcities crippled Washington’s capability to reply to demands for greater government services. Nonetheless in actuality, his anti-Communist movement led to a grander involvement in the third world, particularly in Central America, and made his point very clear that he would stop at nothing to achieve worldwide democracy. Ronald Reagan’s passionate opposing Communist rhetoric could be viewed as very debatable in its time, but events have shown he was prophetic in regards to the complexity of Soviet interior flaws. In an address to the British Parliament on June 8, 1982, Reagan declared that the Soviet Union was in the middle of a â€Å"great revolutionary crisis† and expressed hope that Communism would wind up â€Å"on the ash heap of history.† He noted the depth of Soviet economic stagnation. Which he said, â€Å"The dimensions of this failure are astounding,† and, â€Å"A country which employs one-fifth of its population in agriculture is unable to feed its own people. Over centralized, with little or no incentives, year after year the Soviet system pours its best resources into the making of instruments of destruction†. The Soviet authorities criticized this Westminster speech, one of the most important of Reagan’s presidency. Still, what Reagan had defined was no secret to numerous Communist Party officials. One of them was Gorbachev, who evoked in his memoir that he was acquainted with the â€Å"disastrous picture† of Soviet agriculture millions of acres wasted, villages abandoned, and soils ruined by pollution. It was not until after President Reagan’s two terms in office that his efforts against Communism were understood as necessary. Less than a year after Reagan left office, the Berlin Wall was knocked and the Cold War was officially over in 1991. The Soviet collapse and failure was the result of a conclusion of many events, including the Chernobyl disaster, rebellion in the Baltic republics, and the rising expectations of consumers in a socialist system that could not manufacture anything of use. Reagan was right about the Soviet collapsing. Reagan was indeed sensible in his pomposity and his Anti-Communist views. These actions on his behalf led to greater worldwide investment in democracy. Ronald Reagan was a great natural born leader. He was a great speaker and his speeches were so motive. He was one of most influential political leaders in modern American history. Reagan’s presidency was a social, ideological, and political impact for the Untied States of America. He was one of the main leaders against anti- Communism. Ronald Reagan made the country stronger in political and military wise. Reagan thought you should be able to dream big and to accomplish your dream. Ronald Reagan thought you should have the determination, courage, strength, and hope to live that big dream and make it become real. Reagan thought outside the box and wanted Americans to live with big hope with their freedom. How to cite The Ronald Reagan Administration, Papers

Perspectives of the Afterlife Essay Example For Students

Perspectives of the Afterlife Essay Perspectives of the AfterlifeSocrates, Epicures, and Cicero all viewed death and the afterlife from very different perspectives. This is possibly because of the different eras in which they lived, and their personal pursuits and beliefs. These perspectives, however are not always contradictory, but often mirror each other’s views. Socrates was of the Hellenic Age. An age in which the Greeks confidently believed that their way of life was superior to all. It was a time of pride in the poleis. Athenians participated in civic functions and rites. Public worship was incorporated into civic festivals as attitudes towards the deities changed (Text 54). Socrates launched a new era in philosophy, teaching that â€Å"Virtue is Knowledge.† Sadly, the Athenians of this era perceived, Socrates, as a threat to their way of life. His focus on human problems and his desire to empower individuals to make there own choices led to accusations of impiety and the corruption of the Athenian youth. He was sentenced to death (Text 64). The Hellenistic Age in which Epicurus lived was more racially mixed and ethically varied than Hellenic Greece (Text 79). However, the sense of belonging that characterized the Hellenic poleis was replaced by a feeling of isolation, loneliness, and even helplessness. The polis was replaced with large Hellenistic Kingdoms, rule by men who elected themselves deities (Text85). Epicurus was the founder of Epicureanism; the belief that pleasure is the highest good. He believed that only atoms and the void existed and that the gods played no active role in human affairs (Text 87). He accused the people of Rome of creating gods in there own image. He taught that a deity is an, â€Å"imperishable and blessed being,† and that the pursuit of a pleasant life meant the elimination of false ideas about the gods Text 89). Cicero was from the Roman civilization, around the Pre-Christian era. The Roman Republic had been formed; this was a republic based on a system of representatives and a separation of powers, unlike Athens direct democracy (Text 106-7). Cicero was a Roman statesman, Roman write, orator, and philosopher. He was a major figure in the last years of the republic, having been the first man who’s family was not Roman aristocracy, to have been elected into consul. He had a very distinguished political career, however, he is best known as Rome’s greatest orator and a man of letters. His writings were so great that the time he lived is often called the Age of Cicero (Text 112). He was considered an authority on the order of Plato and Aristotle. He coined the term, humanitas or humanity, meaning devotion to books, language and art (Readings 98). In the Dream of Scipio, Cicero gives insight to his views on death and the afterlife. He writes of a heaven in which, â€Å"every man who has preserved or helped his country, or makes it’s greatness even greater, is reserved a special placewhere he may enjoy an eternal life of happiness.† His god is one that is pleased by societies that are united by law and right. He writes that in death the soul escapes from the body and from what is considered life, but is actually death. So, there is no real fear in death. He says that fame and glory should not be a great concern while on earth for it is insignificant to the concerns of the soul’s discipline and the security of ones country, which lead to heaven (Readings 100-1). In his Letter to Menoeceus, Epicurus states his belief that death is nothing to fear or agonize over. He believed in the scientific atomism that denied divine intervention in human affairs, therefore, believing death was merely the atoms that make up the soul separating form the atoms that form the body and uniting with other particles to create a new form. He states that, â€Å"every good and every evil lies in sensation; but death is the privation of sensation.† He holds no belief in punishment of reward after death, heaven or hell (Hades). He says that man dreads death, â€Å"not because it will be painful when it arrives but because it pains him now as a future certainty; for that which makes no trouble for us, when it arrives is a meaningless pain when we await it.† Death is final in its extinction of consciousness (Readings 95)Socrates also believed that there was no fear in death but he also believed like Cicero, that the soul was trapped in the body and death re leased it. In the Phaedo, a narrative of what took place before Socrates’ death, Socrates is shown reasoning with his friend Simmias that philosophers are practicing dying all the time and that to practice dying and then object to death would be foolish (Readings 81). According to Socrates, a true philosopher is not concerned with the body, but with the soul, and when a man that does not care about pleasures which he has by means of the body, then he is getting very close to death. He says that, â€Å"death is, that the body separates from the soul, and remains by itself apart form the soul, and the soul, separated from the body, exists by itself apart from the body.† He believes that the body gets in the way of learning, distorting the truth. Therefore, the soul reasons best when it is completely by itself, with no senses to disturb it. â€Å"A sort of direct pathseems to take us to the conclusion that so long as we have the body with us in our enquiry, and our soul is mixed up with so great an evil, we shall never attain sufficiently what we desire, and that, we say, it the truth (Readings 82). † Philosophy is no more than the freeing and separation of the soul from the body and this is the same as death so there is nothing to fear. .u9e073a47431e436ec06d154eee4f0aa5 , .u9e073a47431e436ec06d154eee4f0aa5 .postImageUrl , .u9e073a47431e436ec06d154eee4f0aa5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9e073a47431e436ec06d154eee4f0aa5 , .u9e073a47431e436ec06d154eee4f0aa5:hover , .u9e073a47431e436ec06d154eee4f0aa5:visited , .u9e073a47431e436ec06d154eee4f0aa5:active { border:0!important; } .u9e073a47431e436ec06d154eee4f0aa5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9e073a47431e436ec06d154eee4f0aa5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9e073a47431e436ec06d154eee4f0aa5:active , .u9e073a47431e436ec06d154eee4f0aa5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9e073a47431e436ec06d154eee4f0aa5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9e073a47431e436ec06d154eee4f0aa5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9e073a47431e436ec06d154eee4f0aa5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9e073a47431e436ec06d154eee4f0aa5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9e073a47431e436ec06d154eee4f0aa5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9e073a47431e436ec06d154eee4f0aa5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9e073a47431e436ec06d154eee4f0aa5 .u9e073a47431e436ec06d154eee4f0aa5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9e073a47431e436ec06d154eee4f0aa5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Eucalyptus trees EssayWhile Socrates, Epicurus, and Cicero all had different beliefs of death and the afterlife, they all seemed to share two main common bonds. The first is that death should not be feared. The second is that the soul is separate from the body whether it is immortal or not. The reason that they share these theories could be that they each shared a common bond themselves, philosophy, although Cicero was not considered a true philosopher. It is also possible that their beliefs reflected the society of the times and how society treated them directly, because of their personal pursuits in life.