Data exchange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Data exchange - Essay Example 3D-XML format supports seamless integration with a number of office productivity software and popular web browsers; for example, 3D-XML files can be embedded into a Word or PowerPoint document by a simple drag-and-drop operation (James 2006). 3D-XML technology makes 3D data accessible to the extended enterprise as a whole, hence, enabling users to add extra dimension to their documentation as well as improve their collaboration with others (James 2006). 3D-XML allows incorporation of PLM (Project Life Cycle Management) information into various forms of communication such as technical documentation, maintenance manuals, marketing brochures, websites, emails and many others. (Dassault Systems n.d.) According to Leondes (2002, p. 379), ‘IGES is a standard used to exchange graphics information between commercial CAD systems’. He further described that IGES includes four sections: the Start Section that provides a human readable prologue to the file, the Global Section that contains information describing the preprocessor and information needed by postprocessor to handle the file, the Directory Entry Section which provides an index and contains attribute information and topological information about each entity, and the Parameter Data Section that contains geometrical parameter data associated with each entity (Leondes 2002, p. 379 – 380). Ball, A, Ding, L & Patel, M 2008, ‘An Approach to Accessing Product Data across System and Software Revisions’, Advanced Engineering Informatics, vol. 22, no. 2, pp.222-235, viewed 7 November 2008, http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/projects/grand-challenge/papers/ball.etal2008aap.pdf Leondes, CT 2002, Database and Data Communication Network Systems: Techniques and Applications, vol. 2, viewed 7 November 2008,

Audience Analysis and Reception Essay Example for Free

Audience Analysis and Reception Essay Question: You are preparing to write a formal report to be presented to management at your workplace. What are some potential needs for this audience you should be aware of when writing the report? What are the risks of not considering the audience’s needs? As explained in week five (The University of Phoenix, 2014). Writing a Proper Report Writing a formal report to management can be difficult as well as time-consuming. You must know who your audience is and what important topics your management team wants to hear. It is very easy to get off track and present data that is not relevant to the audience that you are directing the report to. You must know your audience. There are several things the author writing the report needs to know, in order to ensure that the management team will understand. The first thing that should be considered is, knowing who your audience is. It is important to know who the managers reading this report are. This makes a difference because you want to capture an audience by the job they have. If the report is a descriptive report about product design, you will not want to write a report about sales revenue. The report must fit the audience. Another important factor the writer should know is, knowing the audiences special interests or prejudices they may have about the information you are going to present. It is important to write the report around the facts and to not try to put in too much feeling. Facts are the only things that should be considered. Let the audience think for themselves and make their minds up based on the data that is being presented. Be prepared and have charts or other supporting documentation ready and available, so that the report can be backed up to support the report. Always pay attention to grammar and watch for any syntax errors in your writing. It is crucial that the audience sees that the report is  credible, properly written and that it flows well so that the audience can understand the report. Formal reports are more detailed and have a lot more detail than a non-formal report. Paragraphing the formal report will be easy for the audience to read. There are a lot of risks involved if these guidelines are not met. The audience has particular needs that they will be looking for, and making certain that these measures are there will lead to success. In conclusion, it is crucial that writers understand who the audience is. A formal report should always have the information in it that fits the audience. You might lose your audience, and the report may be seen as non-credible if the facts are not presented the way they should be. References The University of Phoenix. (2014). Week Five: Audience Analysis and Reception. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix, XBCOM/275 website. Educational Psychologist. (2010). Writing for whom? Cognition, motivation, and a writers audience.. Retrieved from Educational Psychologist, XB/COM 275Communication Process Model website.

Health Essays Chronic Disease Management

Health Essays Chronic Disease Management Chronic Disease Management Chronic diseases have an effect on all countries, and the augment in their prevalence is to a great extend attributed to varying demographics, improved life expectancy, changing lifestyles, better disease management and management and a better understanding of the factors that cause poor health and disease. Laboratory, clinical and population-based research has revealed that a few risk factors are responsible for the prevalence of most chronic diseases: unhealthy diet and high energy ingestion, lack of physical activity and use of tobacco. Alcohol intake, environmental pollutants, age and hereditary factors also play a role. These risk factors are the same in men and women and across all regions in the world. The associated healthcare, financial and social burden of chronic diseases, which include diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, asthma, chronic obstructive airway disease, hypertension, chronic depression, osteoporosis, end stage renal failure and stroke, are progressively on the increase. In the US alone to be specific, some 125 million people now suffer from at least one chronic disease. Chronic diseases are a tremendous burden to individuals and to countries and the available traditional healthcare methods are not able to meet the requirements for preventing and reducing this burden. It is because of this problem that chronic disease management has emerged as a new approach towards caring for patients with chronic diseases. Chronic disease management in clinical circles can be defined as an elaborate, systematic, multicomponent strategy to delivering healthcare while involving all members in the population or community who suffer from similar infections. Cardiovascular disease is chronic and is the first cause of death among the elderly in all countries. This observable fact was evident even 60 years ago, as Roberts noted that diseases of the circulatory system and pneumonia were the first causes of death among the aged in Jamaica in 1950. These diseases are to some extent the sequelae of advancing age. As life expectancies are increasing the prevalence of all noncommunicable disease is also increasing. Thus, one could adopt the approach that these are an foreseeable consequence of ageing and the focus therefore has to be on simply treating them when they do occur and applying the acknowledged interventions for secondary prevention once the first disease episode has occurred. It is possible to reduce the mortality from chronic diseases in general. Some of the developed countries such as Canada, Australia and the United States have succeeded in reducing mortality by applying preventive measures. Meeting the multifaceted needs of patients with chronic diseases is the single supreme challenge facing our healthcare system in most countries today. With the increasing numbers of patients suffering from chronic diseases, it is of the essence that clinicians, healthcare administrators and health policy makers plan and ensure that the healthcare delivery system is tailored to provide care for these patients across the band of their healthcare needs. Chronic disease management has been known to be the best and most comprehensive approach for providing holistic and comprehensive care for patients with chronic illnesses. The Kaiser Permanente care triangle has frequently been used to conceptualize Chronic disease care at three main levels Supporting self-care for patients suffering from chronic disease who are at low risk of complications and hospitalization. Disease management for people who are in need of regular routine follow-up and are at high risk of chronic disease. Case management for people who have complex needs and those who are high-intensity users of unplanned less important care. Managing chronic diseases at the system level has been the focus of many latest publications.1-4 In the US, the recent Institute of Medicine Report – Crossing the Quality Chasm – focused on the need to reorganize care delivery to meet the healthcare demands of populations of patients who suffer from chronic illnesses. In October 2001, the British Medical Journal and the Western Journal of Medicine both published special issues focusing on the problem of chronic diseases and tinted how various nations are dealing with this ever rising epidemic. It is therefore timely that all nations focuses on coming up with a better program to address the needs of patients with chronic disease, on the advances in clinical and non-pharmacological management, and the challenges faced in ensuring that patients receive optimal care meeting the needs at the various stages of their disease. Programme for chronic disease management A successful chronic disease management program should be designed while considering fundamental factors that are critical to its sustainability. First of all the program should be aimed at a certain specific condition within the population suffering. Then the nest important factor concerns the availability of evidence on which its functions should be based. A good program has to keep in its consideration the existence of obstacles which may be a hindrance to its successful implementation. Adequate measures should be put in check to ensure that there is a balance between quality and the economic of the objectives of the care to be given United States In the United States chronic disease management programs, also known as chronic care management, have become extensive. They are being favored by employer groups, health-care organizations and health payers, these programs are being increasingly raising concern because very little scientific evidence is available to justify their effectiveness and economic impact. Disease management was introduced and launched in 1990 by drug companies for the purpose of helping patients to comply with various medications and also to increase their sales. This programs have developed in the private sector to become such a competitive industry that these companies contract health plans to offer comprehensive care to various groups. They are then paid a fee by the health plans to guarantee a saving. Disease management programs are wide in the private sector; they offer care and support as part of benefits and support from physicians. Some programs have been organized in such a way that the physician can receive alerts whenever the patient needs medical attention or even when the services for preventing chronic diseases are long overdue. Some use professional clinical information systems which can integrate participant’s data for instance data which concerns claims data or self reports. This can be even acquired from multiples sources. However there is only a small number of beneficiaries who suffer from chronic illness and therefore account for the unproportionate share of medical expenditure. This results in such patients receiving fragmented care from a number of site providers and to add on the insult they receive repeated and costly hospitalization. The manifestation project was endorsed by the Medicare, Medicaid,and SCHIP Benefits Improvement and Protection Act of 2000 (BIPA). In adding together to the BIPA projects, there arenumerous of other coordinated care demonstrations approvedby Congress in the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, a capitatedDM demonstration recently initiated by the Bush administration,and an end-stage renal disease management demonstration. People are demandingto figure out ways to do disease management in the public sector that act in responseto patient-privacy concerns and that admiration the traditionalrole of the physician. Disease management programs have no effect on the state budget as they pay for administrative services while they are guaranteed by the government a savings offset in form of claims reduction. It is important to point out that even though the opportunities for cost savings and step up inhealth outcomes is great, the challenges of introducing disease management onwide scale in the Medicare program are momentous The patients increasing population is likely to bring up challenges which are not found in the private sector. France In France studies have shown a tremendous improvement in the state of health and quality of life for chronic illness patients. There has also been significant reduction in costs due to the implementation of coordinated networks for the treatment of asthma. The reduction in costs cannot be attributed to spontaneous national changes in management but rather it can be explained by the effect of the intervention program. This initiative can be said to be the first attempt towards implementation ofa disease management program in France. Italy In Italy the health system is aiming at utilizing Information technology tools to manage chronic diseases. In this country the population f over 65 years has be noted to be on the rise. What is worrying is that the number of chronic diseases also increases with this range of age. Approximately 90% of the aged people are suffering form chronic diseases and something has to be done in effect to prevent further repercussions. In the past Italian doctors have raised concern over the time that is used in treating patients with chronic diseases and therefore cam up with a resolution to use community care which such a program there is a shift from hospital based care to community based care. Such a program aims at reducing on the number of patients admitted with chronic diseases, removes patients out of hospital quicker and improving on the network for helping people with chronic diseases. This is to be done while the records are kept centrally and monitored while the services are moved to the community. In Italy there is also another program being put in place and it is called sole project as it is aiming at networking all hospitals with communities to give the citizens services. The program is also aiming at controlling flow of information so as to help the elderly patients. The idea must have been copied from the UKs pathways to telecare. Germany In German two laws were passed in the year 2001 to address the main problems in the healthcare system. Despite advance which have been made in diagnosis and treatment of diabetes, patients still experience secondary complications, The purpose of disease management program in Germany is to avoid repetition of diagnostic testing, by specialists or in hospitals thus assisting in containing the cost. In Germany chronic diseases management programs have a legal basis under which they operate. For instance in the year 2002 there was a reform law which laid down a complicated procedure for the establishment and implementation of disease management programs. These procedures included the characteristic features of a disease which qualifies to be included in the management programs. Implementation of disease management programs in Germany has been influenced by politics which is not like in the other countries. Germany has a longer experience with disease management programmes than the United States. The healthcare system in Germany has characteristics which have seen the introduction of disease management programs. This includes the free choice of the non-profit sickness funds who have to strike a balance between spending and income. There are also issues regarding to efficiency and quality on the side of those who are chronically sick The ministry of health in Germany anticipated that disease management programs will help to reorganize the fragment care for people suffering from chronic illnesses. The main challenge towards implementation of the programs regards to the defining of the minimum standards proves to be contentious and time consuming as people continue to suffer. Another challenge has been on implementing the program for Diabetes whose care requirements has been attacked by more than ten scientific societies. These scientists argue that the government and the sickness funds favored a minimal program which was created basing on studies with the highest level of evidence. Some claim that the programs were created under extreme time pressure. (R. Busse 2001) By way of the German-style DM programs the government anticipated a radicalGordian explanation to a knot of disheveled problems. While theauthentic experience with DM programs is by a long way larger and longerin the United States than in Germany, the German strategy couldbe of interest in the United States, where we have cream skimming andadverse selection having in fact blocked managed care infiltrationinto the Medicare population. One observable difference is theownership of the DM programs; in the United States they are to some extent connected with pharmaceutical companies or special DMP vendors. Whendisease management came up in Germany, analogous companies appearedon the market, with the hope for commercial triumph. Some sicknessfunds contracted them to assist them in preparing DM programs, but suchcompanies have more or less disappeared from the market The UK According to statistics in the U K lack of proper care to manage chronic diseases on a day today basis can lead to unnecessary complications and premature death. Children also suffer from chronic diseases for instance children below five years account for 15% of the cases(General household survey 2002) Self care has sometimes been ignored in the UK but it is a well proven approach to improving the situation of chronic diseases. According to data from the Department of Health’s Economic and Operational Research the effects of self care include; Reduced to visits to GP Sby over 40% for the high risk cases. Reduction in admissions to hospitals by about 50% in a Parkinson’s diseases The length of stay in hospitals for mental health problems reduce. Off work days can reduce by even more than 50% for patients suffering from arthritis Self care or management is not just an issue of providing information to the patients but it involves a range of other things to make it workable. Patients need care education regarding to self management of their sickness by helping stand what they ought to do and how to make adjustments towards their medical dosage and how and when they need healthcare. They also need quick reminders of when they should be attending to certain measures concerning their health. They need support from knowledgeable patients or even an expert in their disease and broader networks which can include attending to group practices involving the same kind of health condition. Their s uncertainty as regarding to self care however it is likely to improve in relevance because of the following: The increase of information that is availed to the patients. The ability of information technology to support self care. The possibility of having reliable and accurate home monitoring systems. The greater anticipation by many patients to be the locus of control. In the UK the main providers of care for chronic diseases are the primary care teams. They include community nurses, pharmacists, dieticians, opticians, podiatrists, and physiotherapists. Barriers for implementing disease management programs One major factor which hinders the implementation of these programs is the lack of proven after investment. This has tended to limit the health plan and interest of the disease management organization. Future of Disease management programs There is no acceptable best way to chronic disease management. Evidence that has been observed throughout the world brings out clearly that, to be successful, policy-makers should put into consideration: Providing well-built leadership and vision at the national, regional or organizational level which should oversee all that is required for the programs to succeed. They should ensure full-bodied collection of information and data-sharing among all the stakeholders in the health sector. Care should be provided based on people’s needs and an ability to identify people with different levels of need; They should also put in place measures that target key risk factors, including widespread disease prevention initiatives. Growing towards supporting self-management and empowerment of people with chronic diseases Policy brief should involving a wide range of stakeholders such as individuals, the voluntary and community sector, clinicians, private industry and public services. Future Disease management programs should be tailored to reduce the costs associated with care for people suffering from chronic illnesses. The growing costs of operations such as dialysis are still a major concern in most countries. But with the Disease management programs in place these costs are expected to decline and lead to improved care even through public health for chronic disease cases. However reducing the costs with DM programs has been successful in some areas but the drug treatment especially in diabetic cases seems to be an area where the growing costs are inevitable.

Cinnamon Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I closed my eyes and sat quietly in the classroom. The slightest scent of cinnamon in the air and I was stuck. It was like turning back the hands of time to the most beautiful Autumn season I could remember. The aroma painted a picture in my mind that was so realistic every one of my senses were triggered.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first sense that my brain detected was my sense of smell. I could smell holiday baking in the kitchen. Other things that I could smell were Big Red Gum, cinnamon buns, cinnamon pop tarts, gingerbread, pumpkin pie, basically I could smell any fragrance associated with just plain cinnamon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With my eyes still shut, I focused more on the photograph in my memory. There...

What Is Love “The Great Gatsby”

The great depression, bootleggers, Jazz, flappers and changing lifestyles are all part of the roaring 20’s. A time when women redefined themselves and music grew to an all time high. This revolutionary and dynamic decade is the setting for The Great Gatsby and â€Å"Winter Dreams† both by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Set in New York, The Great Gatsby is the story of James Gatz, a newly rich man who tries to regain the love of his past girlfriend, Daisy, who is already married.The story â€Å"Winter Dreams†, set in Minnesota, is the story of Dexter, a boy who falls in love with an even younger girl, Judy Jones, who falls back into love with Dexter despite the constant attention of her previous husband , who seeks her love explains their complicated love lives. In both, works The Great Gatsby and â€Å"Winter Dreams† Fitzgerald discusses the theme of unrequited love, in which two men spend their entire lives and effort to win over a woman’s heart even though their loves goes unreturned Winter Dreams† shows the theme of unrequited love. To establish this theme, the reader finds out that â€Å"his heart turned over like the fly wheel of the boat, and, for the second time, her casual whim gave a new direction to his life†(Fitzgerald). This shows us that Dexter’s heart is totally enveloped in Judy and he is madly in love with her. It also shows that, even the slightest sound sends him over the edge. A man doing anything for a girl is also clear in The Great Gatsby. Furthermore ,The theme of unrequited love is shown in The Great Gatsby.To help demonstrate this theme, the reader finds out that â€Å"Gatsby bought that house so that Daisy would be just across the bay†(Fitzgerald, 83). This shows that Gatsby is obsessed with Daisy and will do anything to be near her. Finally, it indicates that Gatsby will do anything to keep an eye on her, even if it means moving or buying a house near her. In both the novel and the s hort story, men almost go crazy to possess the girl of their dreams, but both are tragically denied this opportunity only after they have spent all their time and effort pursuing unrequited love.In The Great Gatsby, Gatsby is murdered for something that Daisy does, and in â€Å"Winter Dreams† Dexter must realize that he will never be able to have his love and that it is best for both of them to give up. in that day, women where considered coquette today, we call them flirts. Women should not have been taking advantage of the men by walking all over the men but men should not have fallen for their selfish ways. So much for the American dream of true love.

Advice on Writing a Dissertation or Thesis

Advice on Writing a Dissertation or Thesis Expert Advice on How to Write a Dissertation or Thesis It has been shown in research that a lot of students are often uncertain about what is expected of them when they start the process of writing a thesis or a dissertation. The following writing tips and strategies have been compiled by university experts and they are designed to show students how to manage these tasks effectively. This guide also includes advice from three newly graduated students who successfully completed theses or dissertations in recent times. Begin as early as possible Irrespective of whether it is a thesis or dissertation you are writing, it is best to begin planning the project as soon as you possibly can. A good starting point is to carry a notebook with you at all times and write down ideas when they occur to you. Join any courses where the subject matter and the instructor’s interests match yours. Where possible, pick writing projects that you can use as a foundation for your thesis or dissertation or ones that are compatible with your goals. A little strategic planning is a great way of developing a research â€Å"stream.† Any past research papers you have written are also a good way of helping to define areas of interest and you may be able to extend your previous work into a possible topic for a dissertation. Be Prudent in Your Choice of Advisors The experts who helped us write this guide suggest your first consideration should be people who are known to help students succeed. To find such people, you could ask more advanced-level students about university staff who are reputed to be â€Å"high achievers† or those who are known to have a positive attitude towards higher education and student achievement. Find out which faculty members are known to be helpful to students and those who are less so. Secondly, you need an advisor who is attentive to your degree requirements, your dissertation or thesis project, to meeting deadlines, and to your needs as a student. Choose someone who fully understands the thesis or dissertation process, is a good communicator, and who is discerning but fair. Lastly, the advisor you choose should be experienced so this means you may want to avoid new faculty members. The best advisors are likely to be those members who have previously served on dissertation committees. Be Prudent in Your Choice of Supervisory Committee Generally speaking, a dissertation supervision committee is made up of three or maybe four extra faculty staff. You should again consider those who have a good reputation for helping students prepare for graduation and who enjoy good levels of cooperation with fellow faculty members. One student who completed a sociology thesis for a Master’s degree recently claims that the process is made a lot easier when a supervisory committee is thoughtfully-designed and complements the student’s abilities and skills. So, what is the process for identifying these people? Get acquainted with your college professors. Go to research seminars to better understand the fields they work in. Enrol in classes and talk to the lecturers and professors. Read any work they have written. Speak to advanced-level students. However, the best strategy of all is to take your advisor’s advice when selecting a committee. Be Prudent in Your Choice of Topic When it comes to choosing a topic for a dissertation, there is one important word to remember, and that is ‘focus!’ This word can save you a lot of time, energy and effort when it comes to limiting your research question or problem. It is also advisable to select a topic that is manageable. It is most likely your dissertation will be quite big, but it should not be a lifelong work. Enlist the help of your advisor to whittle the topic down so that it does not take you two decades to graduate! Lastly, our university experts recommend choosing a topic you have a love-hate relationship with. This, they say, is because no matter what subject you choose, you will come to hate it in time. If a topic is not interesting or inspiring, it will eventually become easy to find reasons not to work on it. However, this should not happen with subject matter you like. Meet Regularly with Your Dissertation Adviser Maintain close contact with your dissertation adviser and continually ask for their advice. This person will have a broad perspective on your topic and their views should help you retain your focus. Plan meetings in advance to ensure these are of maximum benefit to you both. Have a list of questions or topics ready prior to every meeting so that you do not forget any discussion points. Put simply, this means preparing a meeting agenda. Make copious notes. After meetings with your adviser, sum-up your discussion and email it to him or her. Most likely, your adviser will be mentoring other students so it is not realistic to expect them to precisely recall your discussions at different meetings. However, sending a summary by email helps ensure you are both â€Å"singing from the same hymn sheet!† Keep a Copy of Every Single Thing Stories abound about students who store copies of important college papers in their fridge in case of a house fire. While this might be excessive, it is advisable to keep copies of different chapters in various places such as in an email folder, on an external drive, or on a flash drive. Another recently graduated student explained why it is important to keep an adviser’s feedback. This student says that a) advisers sometimes expect to see their feedback and/or comments worked into later or final papers, b) it is wise to keep copies of earlier drafts in case a tutor wants something put back in, and c) earlier drafts can be useful for seeing how ideas alter/develop with time. Do not be Afraid to Seek Help It may be that writing is not your strongest point. If so, our third recently graduated student recommends using college writing centers. He says that, a) these are free and the assistants are graduates with many having written dissertations themselves so they understand every stage of the process, and b) writing centers can keep up motivation, not least because students have to write something before their next tutor-student meeting. Another mechanism for helping maintain focus is organized college support groups. These groups can give feedback on writing and critical thinking skills, and generally offer encouragement. It can be especially useful to have other people to talk to when you have writer’s block or encounter various problems of the professional or personal variety. In many cases, colleges have a counsellor if you really run into difficulties. It must be Done So Do It! It all boils down to one thing at the end. Established routines are an effective way of achieving critical goals. So, write! For some students, this means scheduling specific times for writing – especially making optimum use of their most productive times. Some treat dissertation writing in a similar way to a part-time job with certain hours a week devoted to it. Setting a clear timeline – a backward-looking calendar – for completing an important writing project is also a good strategy. Build in critical milestones such as a timeline for collecting data, analyzing this, setting a schedule for different chapters, and so on. However, make sure your goals are realistic!